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Mental Health

Georgia

<h1>The Battles You Can’t See</h1>
An Honest Look at Mental Illness, Survival, and Choosing to Rise Again
By ☽Karlee Alyssa🦋

I live with severe anxiety—both social and general. It’s not just being nervous. It’s my heart pounding like I’m in danger when I’m only walking into a grocery store. It’s overthinking every word I say, convinced people are judging me. It’s sweating through my shirt before I’ve even opened my mouth.

Depression is just as brutal. It makes everyday life feel impossible. Some mornings, even brushing my teeth feels like running a marathon. Depression isn’t sadness—it’s emptiness. It’s feeling like nothing matters, like I’m moving through life with no color, no energy, no reason.

On top of that, I can’t remember the last time I slept well. Chronic insomnia keeps me awake while the world rests. My body is exhausted, but my mind refuses to shut down. I lie in the dark, replaying every fear and every regret, until the sun comes up and I’m already drained before the day has even started.

Trauma adds another layer I never asked for. PTSD and CPTSD keep me carrying the past into the present. A sound, a smell, a tone of voice can rip me back into memories I wish I could bury. My body reacts before I can even process it—shaking, crying, shutting down. Trauma doesn’t ask permission; it just shows up and takes over.

And then there’s ADHD. My mind runs like a browser with too many tabs open. I start ten things and finish none. I lose focus, forget what I was doing, and spiral into frustration. It feels like my brain is always racing but never reaching the finish line.

Living with all of this at once is exhausting. It’s a war I fight inside myself every single day that no one else can see. Some days I manage to push through. Some days I just survive. But either way, I’m still here. 

And that matters. Because every time I wake up—every time I choose to keep fighting—I prove my strength. I may carry anxiety, depression, trauma, and sleepless nights, but I also carry resilience. I carry survival. I carry a determination that even my darkest days couldn’t kill. 

I am still here. And that means I still have a chance to heal, to grow, to build the life I deserve.

Magma makes every moment matter. Create digital, mini-magazines to share your life’s greatest experiences.

Mental illness tried to break me—but resilience wouldn’t let it. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@alexxingplus?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Alex Sherstnev</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

Lifestyle

<h1>Unapologetic Flesh</h1>
On claiming pleasure without apology.
By☽Karlee Alyssa🦋

My sexuality isn’t something I tuck away.

It’s not a secret I hide behind small smiles or polite silence. It’s woven into me—the way I move, the way I kiss, the way I express it in everything I do, the way I can’t help but crave connection that’s both skin-deep and soul-deep.

I’ve learned not to be afraid of wanting.
Not to be ashamed of needing sex the way I need air. When I want someone, I show it. In the way my eyes linger, in the way my body leans closer, in the way I express it, in the way my hands don’t hesitate. 

Sometimes it’s tender—the kind of sex where every touch feels like a promise, every kiss like it could heal something broken inside me. Other times it’s raw and rough, sweat-slick and urgent, like I’m trying to climb inside their body just to feel how alive we both are. I don’t pretend otherwise.

What I want, I ask for.
What I feel, I express.
If I ache, I let it be known.
There’s no shame in being turned on, no guilt in loving the way a man’s breath catches when my mouth finds his skin.

My sexuality is mine—it doesn’t exist for approval or applause.

It’s how I claim joy, how I burn off pain, how I remind myself I am alive and worthy of every ounce of pleasure this body can handle. 

I don’t filter it.
I don’t dilute it.
I live it—messy, hungry, soft, wild.
And I’m not afraid of a damn thing it brings out of me.

My sexuality is mine—it doesn’t exist for approval or applause. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@devasangbam?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Dev Asangbam</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

Romance

<h1>Tell Me Again, That I’m Yours—Part III:</h1>
<h2>The Becoming </h2>

It wasn’t just love anymore. It was language. A silent one we spoke with glances, with touch, with the way he always reached for my hand in the dark like he couldn’t sleep without knowing I was still there.

—

We didn’t need constant words—we had presence. Like when I was lost in thought, staring out the window with coffee, and he came up behind me just to rest his chin on my shoulder and let the silence wrap us both in something warmer than speech.

He started saying “we” without realizing it. “We should try that restaurant.”
“We could put a hammock out back.”
“We should take your son to the beach this summer.”

That “we” started to feel like home.

⸻

One night, after a long shift and a harder day, I came home to soft music playing. The lights were low. My favorite hoodie of his was folded on the bed, and a single note sat on top:

“You don’t have to be strong tonight. Just come be mine.”

When I walked into the living room, he was there—arms open, like refuge.
I sank into him like a prayer I hadn’t realized I’d been whispering for years.

He didn’t try to fix me. He just held me. Let me unravel. And when I finally looked up, mascara streaked and red-eyed, he kissed my forehead like it was the most beautiful part of me.

⸻

Later that night, he didn’t undress me like he wanted my body. He undressed me like he worshipped my soul. Every scar. Every stretch mark. Every story my skin had stored.

He kissed each one like it was sacred.

And when we moved together—slow, deep, real—it wasn’t about sex. It was about becoming. About safety. About knowing that love could be fire and softness.

He whispered “I’m not going anywhere” into my skin like a vow.

⸻

We started dreaming out loud after that. Not just about forever… but about how we’d build it.

Where we’d live. What the porch would look like. What pets we’d have. What we’d name the baby, if one ever came.

It wasn’t fantasy. It was blueprint.

And that’s when I realized:

He wasn’t just the man I was falling for.

He was the man I was becoming myself with.

Not fantasy. Blueprint Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@roderick_laka?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Roderick Laka</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

Astronomy

<h1>The Lesson Of Us</h1>
<h2>Not all soulmates heal—some scar you so you finally learn.</h2>

He wasn’t meant to be my forever. I see that now. He was the kind of person you collide with, not the kind you build with. At first it felt like fate—instant, magnetic, bigger than both of us. But underneath it, there was a heaviness I kept trying to ignore.

With him, everything was intense. The highs made me dizzy, the lows cut me open. I thought that kind of passion had to mean love, but really it was chaos. We kept repeating the same arguments, the same cycles—makeup, fallout, repeat. I kept telling myself it was worth it because the connection felt unshakable. But what I didn’t want to admit was that it was also toxic.

He knew how to get under my skin, how to pull the best and worst out of me. And I let him. I stayed longer than I should have because I was hooked on the way he made me feel alive, even when it was destroying me. I confused his intensity with depth. I thought the fire meant we were meant to be, when really it was just fire—burning me down.

Looking back, I realize he wasn’t a mistake. He was a lesson. He forced me to face the parts of myself I kept ignoring—why I accepted less, why I confused pain for love, why I thought being chosen sometimes was better than not being chosen at all.

It hurt like hell, but he showed me what I can’t allow anymore. He made me stronger in a backwards way. Because of him, I’ll never again mistake chaos for connection. I’ll never again fight for someone who won’t fight for me.

He wasn’t my forever. He was my wake-up call.

Some connections aren’t meant to last—they’re meant to wake you up. This was one of those soulmate contracts. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@deandon?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Dean Cui</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

<h1>Iron In My Veins</h1>
I am not the tragedy. I am the proof it didn’t win

I’ve been broken open, left bleeding in the dark corners of my own life, learning the language of silence because nobody stayed long enough to hear the scream.

I’ve been told to shrink—to be softer, smaller, to fold my edges down like paper cuts.
But the truth is, my edges are the only reason I survived.

I am the bruise that healed into armor,
the scar that glittered instead of faded.
Every betrayal stitched me together tighter, every loss carved space
for a stronger version of me to stand in.

Resilience isn’t pretty.
It’s not a sunrise Instagrammed to perfection.
It’s waking up after three sleepless nights with eyes that still burn, yet refusing to bow.
It’s saying, I’m not fine—but walking forward anyway, because “fine” was never the point.

Self-worth isn’t a gift they hand you.
It’s a war you fight inside your own chest.
It’s looking in the mirror, seeing the wreckage, and still whispering—you deserve more than this.

And overcoming?
That’s not a finish line.
It’s not a medal or a moment.
It’s a choice I keep making every damn day: to get up, to keep breathing, to remember that my story isn’t just what broke me—it’s what I built from the ruins.

So call me stubborn, call me a storm,
call me a survivor—but understand this:
I am not the tragedy.
I am the aftermath.
And the aftermath is alive.

I am not the traged, I am the proof it didn’t win. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@rgaleriacom?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Ricardo Gomez Angel</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

Wellness

<h1>Who I Am When I’m Alone</h1>
When Silence Isn’t Empty

When I’m alone, I don’t have to perform. There’s no version of me holding it together for anyone else’s comfort. I’m just… me. The real one. The messy one. The one who sometimes leaves the laundry in a chair for days or reheats the same cup of coffee three times because I can’t be bothered to finish it.

The silence gets loud. Some nights it feels like background rain—soft, steady, almost comforting. Other nights, it’s a storm that won’t let up, throwing every memory, every regret, every loss at me all at once. I stand in it anyway.

When I’m alone, I notice things I usually ignore. The way the kettle screams like it has something urgent to say. The way the ceiling seems to listen when I talk out loud because I don’t trust my own thoughts locked inside my head. I’ll set down an extra coffee cup for nobody, like I’m leaving space for people who aren’t here anymore. It looks crazy, but it feels like a ritual—like I’m refusing to let absence erase them.

￼I replay old conversations, scroll old pictures, listen to playlists that wreck me but still feel like home. Some songs drag me back into versions of myself I thought I’d buried, but I let them. I let the memories come and go. Sometimes I even argue with them. Sometimes I just sit there and let them tear me apart quietly.

I try to take care of myself when nobody’s watching. Cut fruit into small pieces because I know I’ll avoid it later if I don’t. Keep water in the fridge, light candles for no reason, make the space feel safe because sometimes it doesn’t. I’ve learned that even the dumbest comforts matter when you’re the only one holding yourself up.

￼When I’m Alone, I don’t pretend I’m strong. I just… practice it. Strength looks like sending the text even when I’m scared of being ignored. It looks like dragging myself to appointments I don’t want to deal with. It looks like whispering my friends’ names into the dark, the ones I’ve lost, as if saying them out loud keeps them real.

I cry at stupid commercials. I talk to plants like they can hear me. I stand in the doorway of my son’s room just listening, memorizing the silence of safety. I remind myself I am still here. That my heart is still beating even on days I wish it would quiet down.

When I’m alone, I’m not lonely. I’m just me—unfiltered, uncut, sitting in the wreckage and the beauty of everything I’ve lived through. I am the sum of every door I closed and didn’t die. Every night I thought would break me that didn’t. Every morning I forced myself out of bed when it felt impossible.

Before I go to sleep, I check the locks twice, not because I don’t trust them, but because I don’t always trust life to stay steady. I leave one light on, just in case. For me. For the ghosts. For tomorrow.

And every night, whether I believe it or not, I tell myself the same thing:

I’m here.
I’m trying.
And tomorrow can come.

￼

Alone doesn’t mean empty, it’s where I meet myself without the mask, in the quiet chaos and fragile rituals that keep me standing. 

In the quiet, I meet the version of me no one else sees. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@tonydetroit?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Tony Detroit</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=magma&utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a> — @undefined's mag on Magma

Beauty

Los Angeles

My current clean beauty favorites  — @undefined's mag on Magma

Holidays

Community

Kanye West- Hey Mama (Grammy Edition)

<h1>HEY MAMA </h1>
Mother’s Day isn’t the easiest but sure as hell grateful for the women who raised me. Mama passed when I was 8 years old, not a day that goes by I don’t think of her.

Hug the ones you have and remind they how much they’re loved ♥️

2Pac - Dear Mama (Official Music Video)

mama day every day  — @undefined's mag on Magma

Entertainment

Music

<h1>JESSICA HOOVER</h1>
Music Producer &amp; Songwriter

<h1>Jessica is an award winning Singer-Songwriter &amp; Music Producer from Traverse City, Michigan and currently residing in Los Angeles, California. Through her layers of education at The Master’s University, Berklee College of Music, Harvard, and Crē•8 Music Academy, Jessica has had the opportunity to study under Grammy nominated &amp; winning mentors.</h1>

<h2>Jessica began as a performing artist herself in the Folk &amp; Christian/Gospel music arena, opening and performing with artists Josh Turner, Newsboys, NF, Tenth Avenue North, Wayburn Dean, and many more.</h2>
<h2>At Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California, Jess received hands-on experience in Engineering, Mixing, Mastering, Songwriting, and Music Production. </h2>

<h2>Since 2016, she has been ghostwriting and ghost producing with Top 40 to Indie Artists and loving every minute of it.</h2>


 <h2>Jess is the Director of Songlorious, managing over 100 talented Singer-Songwriters &amp; Music Producers.</h2>

Sam Smith - Pray (Official Audio)

The Weeknd - Heartless (Official Video)

Jessica Hoover - Sober (Official Lyric Video)

Juice WRLD &amp; Marshmello - Come &amp; Go (Official Music Video)

<h1>JESSICA HOOVER</h1>
FOUNDER: TWO PERCENTERS CLUB
WOMEN IN MUSIC &amp; AUDIO &amp; THOSE WHO SUPPORT THEM.
Previous &amp; current clients but not limited to:
Nick Jonas, The Weeknd, Timbaland, Sam Smith, Josh Turner, Newsboys, Tenth Avenue North
TikTokers: Ashley Matheson, Matt Taylor, AngelKnives13, Nadine Magee

<h2>JESSICA HOOVER:</h2>
<h2>Reviews &amp; Information</h2>
<h2><a href="https://www.laonlock.com/reviews/5/29/2020/jessica-hoover-sober-review">www.laonlock.com/reviews/5/29/2020/jessica-hoover-sober-review</a> </h2>
<h2><a href="https://comeherefloyd.com/jessica-hoover-sober/">comeherefloyd.com/jessica-hoover-sober/</a> </h2>
<h2><a href="https://cheerstothevikings.com/2020/06/12/jessica-hoover-sober/">cheerstothevikings.com/2020/06/12/jessica-hoover-sober/</a> </h2>
<h2></h2>
<h2>email: jessicahoovermusic@gmail.com</h2>
<h2>phone: 1.231.313.1035</h2>

 <h2><a href="https://www.Instagram.com/jessicahooversings">Instagram</a> </h2>


 <h2><a href="http://www.Facebook.com/jessicahooversings">Facebook</a> </h2>

JESSICA HOOVER: MUSIC PRODUCER & SONGWRITER — @undefined's mag on Magma

Jay-Z - &quot;Public Service Announcement [Interlude]&quot; (Clean Edit)

<h1>MY NAME IS... BRIT BRONSON</h1>
<h1>quick fact check:</h1>
• born &amp; raised in sunny Los Angeles
• founder &amp; CEO @spaceMVMNT
• board member: Harold Robinson Foundation 
• speaker: NAMI

Brit Bronson is a mental health activist, entrepreneur and creative. She is the Founder &amp; CEO of spaceMVMNT, a community for mental and emotional wellness that inspires others to do good and feel good.

Brit was diagnosed with Bipolar 1 and PTSD at age 19. Her diagnosis has become her superpower- and the jet fuel that propels her to inspire others, tell her story, advocate for wellness, and fight to overcome and combat stigma. She serves as an advisory board member for the Harold Robinson Foundation and is a speaker for the National Alliance on Mental Illness.

<h1>A THING OR TWO YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT BB</h1>
• favorite color is emerald green (or black if that counts as a color)
• she could eat sushi for breakfast, lunch &amp; dinner (maybe not breakfast but it sounded cool)
• favorite city in the US is Nashville
• she would retire on a beach somewhere as long as they had endless top of the line blanco tequila

<h1>5 THINGS BB CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT</h1>

Snoop Dogg &amp; Game &quot;Purp &amp; Yellow LA Leakers SKEETOX Remix&quot; Music Video OFFICIAL Lakers Wiz Khalifa

1) family, friendship &amp; love

2) coffee &amp; tequila 

3) good music &amp; dancing

4) sunshine 

5) LA Lakers

PSA: WHO IS BB? — @undefined's mag on Magma

How Apple started and how it took off.

Apple Inc. had its genesis in the lifelong dream of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Gary-Wozniak">Stephen G. Wozniak</a> to build his own computer—a dream that was made suddenly <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feasible">feasible</a> with the arrival in 1975 of the first commercially successful <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/microcomputer">microcomputer</a>, the Altair 8800, which came as a kit and used the recently invented <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/microprocessor">microprocessor</a> chip. Encouraged by his friends at the Homebrew Computer Club, a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Francisco-Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> area group centred around the Altair, Wozniak quickly came up with a plan for his own microcomputer. In 1976, when the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hewlett-Packard-Company">Hewlett-Packard Company</a>, where Wozniak was an engineering intern, expressed no interest in his design, Wozniak, then 26 years old, together with a former high-school classmate, 21-year-old <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Steve-Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, moved production operations to the Jobs family garage. Jobs and Wozniak named their company Apple. For working capital, Jobs sold his <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Volkswagen-Group">Volkswagen</a> minibus and Wozniak his programmable calculator. Their first model was simply a working circuit board, but at Jobs’s insistence the 1977 version was a stand-alone machine in a custom-molded plastic case, in contrast to the forbidding steel boxes of other early machines. This Apple II also offered a colour display and other features that made Wozniak’s creation the first microcomputer that appealed to the average person. Apple had its own plan to regain leadership: a sophisticated new generation of computers that would be dramatically easier to use. In 1979 Jobs had led a team of engineers to see the <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innovations">innovations</a> created at the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Xerox-Corporation">Xerox Corporation</a>’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palo-Alto">Palo Alto</a> (California) Research Center (<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Xerox-PARC">PARC</a>). There they were shown the first functional <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/graphical-user-interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), featuring on-screen windows, a pointing device known as a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/mouse-computer-device">mouse</a>, and the use of icons, or pictures, to replace the awkward <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protocols">protocols</a> required by all other computers. Apple immediately incorporated these ideas into two new computers: Lisa, released in 1983, and the lower-cost <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, released in 1984. Jobs himself took over the latter project, insisting that the computer should be not merely great but “insanely great.” The result was a revelation—perfectly in tune with the unconventional, science-fiction-esque <a href="https://www.britannica.com/story/what-was-the-super-bowls-first-blockbuster-commercial">television commercial</a> that introduced the Macintosh during the broadcast of the 1984 Super Bowl—a $2,500 computer unlike any that preceded it. Apple cut operating costs and reestablished quality controls, but by that time only a small percentage of new computer buyers were choosing Macs over machines running Windows, and Apple’s financial situation was dire. 
In December 1996, in order to secure a replacement for the Mac’s aging operating system following the collapse of CHRP and the company’s protracted inability to produce one internally, Apple purchased NeXT Software, Inc., the company formed by Jobs after his 1985 departure. Jobs himself was retained as an advisor to the CEO, but he quickly became disenchanted and sold all but one share of the Apple stock he had received in the NeXT sale. When Apple failed to become profitable under Amelio and its worldwide market share fell to roughly 3 percent, the board of directors, in mid-1997, recruited a surprising temporary replacement: Jobs, for the first time the undisputed leader of the company he cofounded. Before the introduction of the iMac in 1998, all Macs were built with a special read-only memory (ROM) chip that contained part of Apple’s operating system and enabled the Mac OS to run only on particular machines. The new machine, based in part on the scuttled CHRP design, with PC-standard memory and <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peripheral">peripheral</a> interface, was a continuation of Apple’s shift away from hardware-specific, or proprietary, standards. With built-in high-speed networking capabilities, the iMac was designed to revive Apple’s consumer and educational market sales. The iMac quickly became the all-time best-selling Mac and lifted Apple’s U.S. market share from a record low of 2.6 percent in December 1997 to roughly 13.5 percent in <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/August">August</a> 1998. Moreover, Apple had a profitable fiscal year in 1998, its first since 1995.
In 2001 Apple introduced <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/iTunes">iTunes</a>, a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-program">computer program</a> for playing music and for converting music to the compact <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/MP3">MP3</a> digital format commonly used in computers and other digital devices. Later the same year, Apple began selling the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/iPod">iPod</a>, a portable MP3 player, which quickly became the market leader. (The term podcasting, combining iPod and broadcasting, is used as both a noun and a verb to refer to audio or video material downloaded for portable or delayed playback.) Later models added larger storage capacities or smaller sizes, colour screens, and video playback features. In 2003 Apple began selling downloadable copies of major record company songs in MP3 format over the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Internet">Internet</a>. By 2006 more than one billion songs and videos had been sold through Apple’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Web-site">Web site</a>. 
In 2007 Apple introduced the touch-screen <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/iPhone">iPhone</a>, a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/cell-phone">cellular telephone</a> with capabilities for playing MP3s and videos and for accessing the Internet. The first models were available only in conjunction with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ATandT-Corporation">AT&amp;T</a>’s wireless service and could not be used over the latest third-generation (3G) wireless networks. Apple rectified the latter limitation in 2008 with the release of the iPhone 3G, or iPhone 2.0, which also included support for the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/GPS">global positioning system</a> (GPS). Like other “smartphones” such as the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/BlackBerry-wireless-device">BlackBerry</a>, from the Canadian company Research in Motion, the new iPhone included features geared toward business users. In particular, the storage memory in the units could be remotely “wiped” if the unit were lost. As with the original iPhone, demand was very high, and the new iPhone 3G sold one million units in the first three days after its introduction. That same year, Apple introduced the App Store, where iPhone users could purchase applications. By June 19, 2009, when Apple released the iPhone 3G S, which also sold one million units in the first three days after its release, the company’s share of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/smartphone">smartphone</a> market had reached about 20 percent (compared with about 55 percent for the BlackBerry line of smartphones). In addition to hardware changes such as a three-megapixel <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/digital-camera">digital camera</a> that can record digital videos and an internal digital compass (capable of working with various mapping software), the iPhone 3G S included a new operating system, the iPhone OS 3.0. The new system included support for voice-activated controls and peer-to-peer (<a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/P2P">P2P</a>) play of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-game">electronic games</a> with other iPhone users over <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> Internet connections. The latter feature was part of Apple’s strategy to compete in the portable gaming market with the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Nintendo-console">Nintendo Company</a>’s DS and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sony">Sony Corporation</a>’s PSP. The iPhone can also be used for reading electronic books, or e-books. E-books in iPhone-compatible formats can be purchased over the Internet from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/e-book">electronic book</a> dealers, such as the iTunes store and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom">Amazon.com</a>.
In 2010 Apple unveiled the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/iPad">iPad</a>, a touch-screen device intermediate in size between a laptop computer and a smartphone with a display that measured 9.7 inches (24.6 cm) diagonally. It was about 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) thin and weighed 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg). The iPad was operated with the same set of finger gestures that were used on the iPhone. The touch screen was capable of displaying high-definition video. The iPad also had such applications as iTunes built in and could run all applications that were available for the iPhone. In partnership with five major publishers—<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Penguin-Random-House">Penguin</a>, HarperCollins, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Simon-and-Schuster-Inc">Simon and Schuster</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Macmillan-Publishers-Ltd">Macmillan</a>, and Hachette—Apple developed for the iPad its own e-book application, iBooks, as well as an iBook store accessible through the Internet.
Apple in 2011 introduced <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/iCloud">iCloud</a>, a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/cloud-computing">cloud computing</a> service in which a user’s applications, photographs, documents, calendars, and recently purchased music would be stored in iCloud and automatically updated in the user’s other devices. Some analysts saw iCloud as Apple’s plan for a future in which users could dispense with the personal computer as the main place to store data. 
Because of ill health, Jobs resigned as CEO in <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/August">August</a> 2011 and was succeeded by chief operating officer <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tim-Cook">Tim Cook</a>; Jobs died from cancer that October. In the early years of Cook’s <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tenure">tenure</a>, Apple did not introduce any all-new products but rather brought out new versions of previous products, such as the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/iPhone">iPhone</a> 4S, which contained a personal assistant program, Siri, that could respond to spoken commands and questions (2011); the iPad Mini, a smaller version of the iPad (2012); and the iPad Pro, a large version of the iPad intended for business use (2015). In 2014 Apple made its largest acquisition by buying the headphone manufacturer and music-streaming company Beats for $3 billion.
In 2015 Apple introduced a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/smartwatch">smartwatch</a>, the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Apple-Watch">Apple Watch</a>. A redesign with a sensor that could make <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/electrocardiography">electrocardiograms</a> (ECGs) was presented as Series 4 in 2018. AirPods, a set of wireless earphones, were introduced in 2016 and became a top seller in that market.
Propelled by the popularity of the iPhone, in 2018 Apple became the first company to reach a value of one trillion dollars. Two years later Apple became the first company to double that figure.
In 2020 Apple introduced its own microprocessor, the M1, for Macintosh computers, which had previously used <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Intel">Intel</a> chips. The M1 was one of the fastest microprocessors available and was designed to be fast while also using less power than previous chips.

It's been more than 30 years since the arrival of Apple’s Macintosh computer -- the Mac -- which has evolved substantially, especially over the past decade. (And as of today, it's been 20 years since the first iMac was unveiled.) From only 128KB of memory in the first Mac (to an optional 128GB in the latest iMac Pro), Apple has continually redefined its products from design and aesthetics to functionality and productivity. The Mac now accounts for 7.5% of the declining PC market, with sales continuing to outperform sales of Windows PCs. Here we take a look at the Mac’s evolution throughout the past three decades, with a focus on the rapid changes of the last decade or so, especially as the iMac grew and evolved beyond its original gumdrop design. 

The original Macintosh went on sale two days after Apple's critically acclaimed 1984 ad aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII. Apple’s Macintosh 128K aimed to fundamentally change how consumers viewed computers and make them more affordable, personal and commonplace. It used a Motorola 68000 microprocessor, 128KB of RAM and a 400KB 3.5-inch floppy disk drive. The Mac’s OS, known as System 1.0, introduced the Finder that is still used today.

Apple's Performa sold mainly through authorized retailers in department stores throughout the mid-1990s. Although not a new model, the Performa was a rebranding of then-existing Mac models, including the Classic, Quadra, Centris, LC, and Power Macintosh, and was meant for everyday users. The marketing tactic backfired, however, as the large number of models (in addition to those for business) competed with one another, and created customer confusion. The Performa line was also criticized for its lack of power and hardware design. Apple finally nixed it in the late 1990s and simplified its products by offering a desktop and laptop for both the professional market (Power Macintosh G3 and PowerBook) and for consumers (iMac and iBook). 

After Steve Jobs’ return as CEO, Apple’s futuristic and design-conscious concept, dubbed the iMac G3, brought the company back from financial hardship. Built using a translucent “Bondi Blue” plastic, it featured a 15-inch CRT display, a PowerPC G3 processor, an ATI Rage IIc graphics processor, a 4GB hard drive, a tray-loading CD-ROM drive that replaced the traditional floppy disk drive, USB ports (to much criticism), an infrared port, built-in stereo speakers, two headphone ports, a redesigned keyboard and mouse, and Mac OS 8. The iMac G3 became a cultural phenomenon and had several iterations and upgrades over the next few years (including a slimmer model).


Designed around an ultra-compact base, the iMac G4’s one-inch thin flat-panel display appeared to float in mid-air, allowing users to adjust its height or angle with just a touch. This was a big deal, since PCs (and earlier iMacs) still used outdated, clunky CRT displays. The all-in-one machine used a PowerPC G4 processor, an NVIDIA GeForce 2MX graphics processor and ran OS X Jaguar.

Inspired by the iPod, Apple unveiled its polycarbonate white iMac G5 at the Apple Expo in Paris. The display was suspended from its anodized aluminum stand, making for a very small footprint, and unlike its predecessor, the entire computer was integrated into the flat-panel display. Just two inches thick, Apple dubbed it the world’s thinnest desktop computer. It included a built-in SuperDrive, a PowerPC G5 processor, an NVIDIA GeForce FX 5200 Ultra graphics processor, iLife 2004 and OS X Panther.

Apple changed the game with an updated iMac that used, for the first time, Intel processors. As Apple noted, it forged “a historic partnership between the world’s leading chip innovator and the world’s most innovative computer company.” The thinner and lighter G5 included an ATI Radeon X1600 graphics processor, an iSight camera for video chats, Front Row entertainment software with a Remote for viewing slideshows and movies, iLife ’06, an updated Mighty Mouse and OS X Tiger.

Apple’s next major redesigned iMac melded glass and aluminum for a more contemporary look that stuck as a placeholder for its successors. It sported Intel Core 2 Duo processors, an ATI Radeon HD 2600 PRO graphics processor, a glossy widescreen display, iLife ’08 and OS X Tiger. Apple also included its redesigned keyboard, Mighty Mouse and Apple Remote.

This aluminum model was notable for its unibody design and 16:9 high-definition display. Unlike the previous generation, the iMac’s screen was edge-to-edge glass. It included Intel Core 2 Duo processors with a NVIDIA GeForce 9400M integrated graphics processor and shipped with OS X Snow Leopard. Additionally, Apple included its new wireless accessories: an Apple Keyboard and a Magic Mouse.

Apple released its thinnest iMac (with a 5mm edge), taking up as much as 40% less volume than the previous generation and featuring a new Fusion Drive – a storage option that combined a high-capacity hard drive with high-performance flash storage. It included third-generation, quad-core Intel Core i5 processors, the latest NVIDIA graphics, Thunderbolt ports, new storage options, USB 3 ports and OS X Mountain Lion. It also used 50% less energy at idle with the display on than previous models. Because of its radically thin design, this iMac also banished the SuperDrive in favor of its digital hub via iTunes and the App Store.

Apple released its first iMac with Retina display three years after the hi-def screens first appeared in its MacBook Pro line. With 14.7 million pixels, the 5120x2880-pixel resolution had four times as many pixels as its predecessor. It included sixth-generation Intel Core processors, the latest AMD graphics, a wider P3-based color gamut, an advanced Fusion Drive, Thunderbolt 2 ports and faster Wi-Fi. This generation also incorporated an advanced timing controller that had four times the bandwidth of the previous model and included OS X Yosemite. The 21.5-in. Retina 4K display was introduced a few months later, along with OS X El Capitan and new desktop accessories: the new Magic Keyboard, Magic Mouse 2 and Magic Trackpad 2 -- all of which were redesigned with internal batteries that could be recharged with a lightning cable.

Apple announced a special sneak peak of the new iMac Pro at WWDC 2017. Dubbed the most powerful Mac ever, it features 8-, 10-, and 18-core Xeon processor configurations, Turbo Boost up to 4.5GHz, up to 42MB cache, and Radeon Pro Vega graphics with 11 teraflops single precision, 22 teraflops half precision, and 8GB or 16GB High Bandwidth Memory with 400 GB/s memory bandwidth. It includes up to 128GB 2666MHz DDR4 ECC memory in replace of SDRAM. Users can also choose up to 4TB SSD with 3GB/s throughput. This model includes Thunderbolt 3 ports that can control up to 44 million pixels and a 10Gb Ethernet port. Its 14.7 million pixel Retina 5K display has been updated with 500 nits of brightness (43% brighter) and P3 color gamut for support for over a billion colors. To compensate for all those powerful specs, it has a redesigned thermal architecture for 75% more airflow. It features enhanced stereo speakers for better frequency response, richer bass, and more volume. And let’s address the elephant in the room: the iMac Pro comes in a new color -- a gorgeous space gray -- with matching accessories of course. A new Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad also gives users a new choice over the standard Magic Keyboard. It starts at a whopping $4,999 and went on sale in mid-December. But prices can climb quickly into the five-digit range. (Check out our Mingis on Tech episode devoted to the iMac Pro.)

Our iPod adventure begins in October 2001, when Apple launched its first portable music player.

The first incarnation of the device that was to revolutionise the music industry had a mechanical scroll wheel and launched with 5GB and 10GB capacities, starting at a shade under £300.

The name 'iPod' was coined for use with the Apple music player by copywriter Vinnie Chieco. He was called in by Apple to help market the new product. Curiously, Apple had already registered the trademark 'iPod', but had originally intended it to be used as the name for its Internet kiosks, though these never saw the light of day.

The second-generation iPod waved sayonara to the clunky mechanical scroll wheel and introduced the touch-sensitive version still in use today, albeit in a different form.

Released in July 2002, the new model built on the success of the first incarnation, and came in capacities up to 20GB for £399, with the 5GB model at £259 and 10GB for £329.

With the third-generation iPod, Apple did away with the buttons that surrounded the touch-sensitive wheel, instead setting backlit controls horizontally under the LCD screen.

This edition launched in April 2003 and was the first model to use Apple's 30-pin dock connector. 10GB, 15GB and 30GB models were available, costing £249, £299 and £399 respectively.

The next child in Apple's musical creche wasn't a new version of the existing iPod, but an entirely new model: the iPod mini. The mini launched in January 2004, with 4GB of memory for £199.

The iPod mini came in five snazzy colours and brought with it the first use of the Click Wheel. This iconic and ground-breaking navigation system became ubiquitous within the iPod line until the iPhone was released in 2007, which uses purely gesture-based touch-sensitive control methods.

Mere months later, in July 2004, Apple launched the fourth-generation iPod. Like the mini, the new iPod boasted the Click Wheel -- one of Apple's best interface innovations to date.

The fourth-generation model came in 20GB and 40GB capacities, costing £219 and £299 respectively. This model was seen as something of a blow to the iPod mini, as its price -- just £20 more than its younger brother -- represented much better value for money in terms of storage. Its significantly larger size attracted a different crowd, however, and so both models existed harmoniously.

Later that year, the iPod photo was launched. The date was September 2004 and this was the first model to feature a full-colour screen. As the name suggested, the iPod photo was geared up to store and display your photo albums.

This added extra came at one hell of a price (well, two prices): £359 for the 40GB model; £429 for the 60GB. The iPod had pushed into the same price range as small second-hand cars. But hey, you could look at photos of those cars while you sat on the bus.

The 20GB U2-branded red and black iPod was also unveiled that month, costing £249. It was a monochrome-screen fourth-gen iPod, re-skinned in tribute to rock's most middle of the road Pope-botherers.

January 2004 had been the birth of the iPod mini. January 2005, just one year later, gave birth to a healthy new offspring: the first iPod shuffle.

The shuffle was something of a curiosity: it had no screen, no Click Wheel and no dock connector. At just £69 for 512MB, however, the shuffle instantly stole the hearts of joggers and young teens everywhere.

A 1GB model was also launched at a price of £99. Some naysayers emitted loud nays at the shuffle's launch, but over six years later, the shuffle, albeit in a totally new design, still reigns as king of the miniature MP3 players.

Just one month after the shuffle's launch, Apple unveiled the second-generation iPod mini in February 2005.

The new minis had something of a makeover -- the colours on offer were much brighter, and the coloured lettering on the Click Wheel now matched that of the iPod's body.

Battery life was also significantly improved (the original mini's battery life was often criticised). A 6GB model was offered for £169, while the original 4GB capacity sold for £139 -- a far more reasonable price than the previous version.

When September 2005 arrived, the iPod mini drew the noose around its neck, took one final bow to its patrons and stepped to its death. It was, of course, the iPod nano that cut down the limp body, and it was vastly superior to its predecessor.

The iPod nano launched in black and white, and 2GB and 4GB capacities, costing £139 and £179 respectively. Gone were the mini's micro-drives; replacing them were the holier-than-thou flash memory. Although the nano was generally well received, its easily scratched screen not only caused a consumer outcry, but also sparked a class-action lawsuit against Apple. Apple subsequently shipped protective cases with future models.

In October 2005, Apple unveiled its next full-sized iPod -- a model whose form factor has not changed in two full years.

The fifth-generation iPod was the first model to play video and was very well received. It had a larger, sharper colour screen, slimmer form factor and better battery life.

A 30GB video iPod would set you back £219, while a 60GB version would cost you £299. An 80GB version was later released and included, among other things, a library-search feature, and was accompanied by fifth-generation iPod price cuts across the board.

It was over a year before Apple took the mask off its next iPod. In September 2006, the second-generation nano was launched.

The new nano had a trendy anodised aluminium casing and came in five colours. Two-gig, 4GB and 8GB models were available at £99, £129 and £169 respectively.

The hysteric jubilation for the new iPod nano notwithstanding, Apple undid its trenchcoat again in September 2006 and flashed the world with another titchy member: the second-generation iPod shuffle.

Shuffle 2.0 came in the form of a clip. Some argue the new model had a clip; others claim it was a clip. The other 99.98 per cent of civilisation simply sat back and got on with things.

The new shuffle came only in a 1GB version for a touch over £50. Also present was the nano-esque anodised aluminium casing and the choice of several colors.

Then, in September 2007, we had a plethora of new iPods to choose from. The iPod touch became the 'true' video iPod the world had been sweatily dreaming about. It brought the best mobile browsing experience to palms everywhere, offering the iPhone-like iPod experience many people had been holding out for, and eventually got 32GB of memory.

Its partner in crime, the iPod classic, was also introduced in September. It was essentially a revamped, tripped-out fifth-generation iPod with more go-faster stripes than we care to count, and up to 160GB of storage.

A third-generation iPod nano with "a little video for everyone" was also introduced, complete with a fat form factor to make the chunkiest of us feel slightly better about ourselves.

Spy-shot photographs of this nano leaked before the official announcement was made, leading the blogosphere to worry in advance that the nano was to become all dumpy. No one seemed that bothered once it was released though. A pink 8GB model was released in the following January.

Finally, a new shuffle came out... well, it had new colours. (And a small 's' to match its lower-case siblings, spelling fans.)

The September 2008 line-up vanquished Dumpy McFatnano to the rotting cesspits of silicon hell, introducing a fourth-generation nano with the original tall form factor of earlier models.

It retained video playback and the same screen as the chubby version, but now offered an internal accelerometer, 16GB of memory and the new Genius playlist functionality. It was also the first model to introduce spoken menus for vision-impaired users.

We were disappointed to see the 160GB iPod classic was wiped from existence this year, along with the 80GB model. Instead, Apple brought out a single second-generation classic with 120GB of hard disk space, but in the first-generation classic's thinner form factor. It also included the new Genius feature.

But stealing the show was the new iPod touch, which launched with a new curvy design to match the new iPhone 3G, built-in speakers, a physical volume control (this was a hotly demanded feature), 3D gaming and various other features previously offered as software upgrades, such as Microsoft Exchange email support.

Once again there were new iPod shuffles, but they were just paint jobs -- the players themselves didn't change.

September 2009 brought the arrival of the third-generation iPod shuffle.

It was smaller than ever, but still sporting one massive clip to attach to your polo-shirt sleeve so that everyone knows just how sporty you are.

The lack of a screen still made it difficult to operate but for only £60 for a 4GB model, it was understandably a good seller.

The fifth-generation iPod nano was released in 2009 and packed a larger screen and a video camera.

There wasn't a whole lot of point in the video camera, but it was a fun addition nonetheless, although it oddly didn't take still images as well.

It was available in a rainbow of colours and up to 32GB in size, although the top model would cost a not insignificant £139.

The iPod touch third-generation retained the same look and feel of the previous iteration but boasted improved internal hardware making it much more zippy to use.

Fans of 3D gaming apps were very pleased at the power boost it had received, and the ease of use quickly helped push the touch into the hearts of music-lovers everywhere.

It was available in a 64GB model which was plenty of room for a vast music collection, but you'd have to shell out £300.

2010 saw the advent of the fourth-generation iPod shuffle.

The stretched design of the third-generation had been given an unceremonious boot, to be replaced with the new square version, which naturally still houses a massive clip on the back.

The VoiceOver feature made navigating around your music fairly simple, as did the easy to press buttons on the its colourful face.

A full colour, multi-touch screen was added to the sixth-generation iPod nano. It may only be a small screen, but poking around with your little finger isn't much of a hassle and it's great for flicking through album art.

If you're feeling particularly geek-chic, you can pop it on a wrist-strap and set it to display up to 16 different clock faces. Lovely.

The 16GB model will set you back £129 and is available in more colours than we knew existed.

The fourth-generation iPod touch was outed in 2010.

This new model packed the gloriously sharp retina display found on the iPhone 4 and also packed a front-facing camera for FaceTime.

It has the same simple operation of previous models and of course full access to the Apple App store. The 64GB model demanded 329 of your hard-earned pounds.

The fifth-generation iPod touch was shown off in October 2011.

It's not a massive upgrade from the previous model, but it's running Apple's iOS 5, which offers various handy extras such as iMessage and a notification centre for message and alerts.

It's also offered in a white variety for those that can't stand dull colours on their gadgets.

It's still as expensive as ever though, coming in at a cool £329.

Apple was experimenting with tablets long before the iPad came out. Its Newton MessagePad PDAs -- dating back to 1993 -- were arguably tablet-like, albeit crude by modern standards with limited apps, black-and-white displays, and total dependence on a stylus. The company also prototyped a more powerful PowerBook-based tablet called the PenLite, but decided not to ship it.

Work on the iPad itself actually traces back to 2004, when designer Jonathan Ive and others crafted a new tablet prototype. The product was originally supposed to ship before the iPhone, but the company came to decide the latter was more important, premiering it in 2007 using similar technologies.

After the iPhone became a hit, rumors swirled around tablet plans, with conflicting reports what a product would be called and what it might do. Finally, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced the iPad on Jan. 27, 2010 at the Yerba Buena Center in San Francisco -- immediately setting off waves of both anticipation and skepticism 

Preorders began on March 12, 2010 ahead of an Apr. 3 U.S. release date at Apple's online and outlet stores. Initially, only Wi-Fi models were available -- 3G-capable models had to wait until Apr. 30, and then could only be used with AT&amp;T in either unlimited or 250-megabyte plans. It wouldn't be until May 28 that any iPad was available outside the U.S.

Thanks to the company's takeover of PA Semi, the iPad was the first product to use an Apple-designed processor, the A4. It also featured a 9.7-inch, 1024-by-768-pixel display, and options for 16, 32, or 64 gigabytes of storage.

The tablet's signature achievement was bringing the iPhone's multi-touch interface to a much larger display, allowing it behave more like a laptop. Though it still lacked an open filesystem or much customization, Apple developed a custom version of the iPhone OS for it, for instance letting people use apps and the homescreen in any orientation -- unlike the iPhone, which at the time was strictly vertical.

The product also heralded the arrival of iBooks and the iBookstore, with the anticipation that people would want to read books, magazines, and newspapers in the new format. Apple's collusion with publishers to fight Amazon's dominance of e-books would eventually result in severe legal reprimands.

Sales of the iPad were strong out of the gate. More than 300,000 were sold at launch, and by May 3, 1 million. Towards the end of the year, iPads were outselling Macs on a quarterly basis.

Released March 11, 2011, the iPad 2 included a faster A5 processor, but was perhaps most significant for refining Apple's design and concepts. The product was both lighter and thinner, and was the first model to support Smart Covers, adding magnets which not only kept cases attached but would wake an iPad when opened. A gyroscope as well as front- and rear-facing cameras opened up other new functions, including FaceTime.

In many ways, the iPad 2 became Apple's tablet workhorse. The device stayed on sale for years, with a minor revision after the third-generation iPad was released, shrinking the size of the A5 and improving power consumption. It was able to run six different versions of iOS, from 4 through 9.

It was around this time that Apple began pushing the iPad as an educational product -- an initiative that would only accelerate in coming years.

2012's third-generation iPad built on this foundation with the dual-core A5X processor, quad-core graphics, and the first-ever Retina display on an iPad, pushing resolution to 2,048 by 1,536. It also supported LTE, though not across the globe.

The third generation device was under-powered for the retina screen. So, A fourth-generation iPad -- released in October the same year -- took the same overall design and upgraded it with an A6X chip, FaceTime HD, and wider LTE compatibility. It was also the first iPad to adopt a Lightning port, abandoning 30-pin connectors.

Looking to fend off devices like the Amazon Kindle Fire and Google Nexus 7, Apple simultaneously announced the iPad mini, a tablet with specs similar to the iPad 2 but in a smaller and lighter 7.9-inch format.

The Air, shipped in November 2013, was another serious stab at redesigning the iPad. The device was even thinner at 7.5 millimeters, and 22 percent lighter than the iPad 2. Bezels were shrunk, cameras were upgraded, and it switched to an A7 processor matched by an M7 motion co-processor.

Shipping around the same time was the iPad mini 2, similar in most respects to the Air -- above all, making the jump to a Retina display some thought should've been on the first Mini.

By 2014 the iPad was becoming less of a marquee product, likely overshadowed by the launch of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, Apple's first iPhones over 4 inches. This was exemplified by the Air 2 -- which mainly gained Touch ID, a triple-core A8X processor, and 2 gigabytes of RAM -- but particularly the Mini 3, which was essentially a Mini 2 with Touch ID.

In a bid to reinvigorate sales and cast the iPad as a serious tool, September 2015 saw the announcement of the first iPad Pro, a 12.9-inch, $799 tablet with an A9X processor, 4 gigabytes of DDR4 RAM, the first Smart Connector port and optional Smart Keyboard, plus support for the Apple Pencil -- a low-latency stylus with pressure sensitity and angle detection. While the Pencil was ultimately well-received, it has sometimes been criticized for its $799 pricetag and the placement of its Lightning connector, which causes it to jut out like a spike when plugged into an iPad.

A 9.7-inch Pro would follow in March 2016. This downgraded to 2 gigabytes of RAM and a slightly slower version of the A9X, but introduced Retina Flash for front-facing photos, and a True Tone flash on the rear. The True Tone brand was also applied to its display, Apple's first able to match color temperature to ambient lighting.

The Mini 4 -- still Apple's latest in the Mini line -- was revealed at the same time as the 12.9-inch Pro. The tablet was given an A8 processor and 2 gigabytes of RAM, once again leaving it in the wake of its bigger siblings.

Apple tweaked the iPad Pro line last June, ensuring that both had 2.34-gigahertz hexa-core A10X chips, 4 gigabytes of RAM, and True Tone displays, while upgrading the smaller size to 10.5 inches with smaller bezels. "ProMotion" enhanced the refresh rate of their screens to 120 Hertz.

To replace the aging iPad Air 2, the company released a $329, 9.7-inch "budget" iPad in March 2017, armed with an A9 processor and 2 gigabytes of RAM. It lacked some Pro features like rear flash, a True Tone display, and Apple Pencil compatibility.

The company updated the budget iPad at the Chicago "Field Trip" press event, giving it an A10 chip and Pencil support while still holding back on things like a True Tone display and rear flash. For schools the tablet was priced at $299.

Current rumors point to new Pros appearing in June, equipped with Face ID like the iPhone X. They're expected to ditch physical home buttons at the same time, shrinking size and weight even further, though their displays probably won't go completely edge-to-edge.

The company is likely to hold off on switching from LCD to OLED, since the latter is already costly enough on iPhones. Inside the tablets will probably move to eight-core "A11X" processors.

The future of 2019 and beyond is uncertain. Apple will probably migrate to OLED or MicroLED, but only once it becomes profitable. At some point the company may be forced to make iPads even more Mac-like, if not by opening up their filesystem, then by supporting more peripherals and making iOS as flexible as possible.

The Apple iPhone first went on sale on 29 June 2007, some five months after it was originally announced on 9 January 2007. The company's then-CEO, Steve Jobs, presented the new smartphone to a packed audience, including Pocket-lint: "This is the day I've been waiting for the last two years," he said during the keynote speech at MacWorld 2007, before making the first call on the phone to Jony Ive.

Hard to imagine now, but the first iteration of the iPhone didn't have a number of features we take for granted today, like copy and paste, 3G and definitely not 5G, or even apps. Heck, you could also only sync it via iTunes on the desktop.

Since 2007, Apple has adapted and changed the design of the iPhone a number of times, ditching the metal design for a plastic one with the iPhone 3G and 3GS, before moving to glass for the iPhone 4. It was back to metal with the iPhone 5, before glass made its comeback for the iPhone 8 models, iPhone X and the iPhone XS models. In 2020 we now have iPhones with 5G, upgraded cameras and much more besides.

Original Apple iPhone (2007)
A 3.5-inch screen with 480 × 320 resolution for 163ppi and a 412MHz ARM processor. This was where it all started for the iPhone. In many ways it wasn't the first, but it was certainly the most important smartphone launch.

Apple iPhone 3G (2008)
Largely identical to the original iPhone, but with slimmer metallic outer edging and the addition of 3G connectivity. Also note the appearance of the App Store icon. The shift to centralised app stores changed the way we used our phones.

Similar to the 3G in design but with a faster 600MHz ARM A8 CPU, double the RAM at 256GB, and fingerprint-resistant screen coating. This was about refining the experience to bring speed, with the addition of things like a digital compass and video capture.

Apple iPhone 4 (2010)
This is where design and power really jumped up, with a 3.5-inch 960 x 480 resolution screen and the introduction of the Retina display. The flattened glass design is now rather iconic, and it introduced a front camera with FaceTime.

Much alike to the iPhone 4, but with the addition of more speed and the introduction of Siri as the personal assistant. The iPhone 4S announced by CEO Tim Cook on 4 October 2011; Steve Jobs passed away the following day on 5 October.

Apple iPhone 5 (2012)
Another jump for Apple, with a larger 4-inch display running 1136 x 640 resolution, bringing with it a change in aspect for the iPhone. It also introduced a new connector, Lightning.

Basically the same as the iPhone 5, but with a plastic body. The iPhone 5C was all about colour and fun, with a range of cases to make contrasting designs.

Sticking to the design of the iPhone 5, the iPhone 5S dropped the home button and introduced Touch ID, providing a way to unlock the phone and authenticate purchases from the App Store.

Apple iPhone 6 (2014)
This model saw a jump in size to a 4.7-inch 1334 x 640 screen with 326ppi, with a shift to a metal body. It also introduced Apple Pay, but was blighted by "bendgate".

No visual design change from the iPhone 6 but an upgrade to the aluminium used to make it stronger, along with changes in performance and battery life and advanced features like 3D Touch and 4K video capture. It stuck to the 4.7-inch 1334 x 750 pixel resolution and packed in the Apple A9 chip.

The iPhone SE made the unusual move off shifting back into the older design of the iPhone 5 models. It did so to offer a smaller, cheaper option, but it kept the powerful innards of the 6S, so the A9 chip and the latest camera, but with a 4-inch display with 1136 x 640 pixels.

Apple didn't do a major redesign for the iPhone 7, although the introduction of Jet Black caused a stir, as did the evolution of (Product) Red. The iPhone 7 is powered by the A10 chip and adds waterproofing, while the display size and resolution remains as it was.

Apple iPhone 8 (2017)

The display size and resolution might be the same as the iPhone 7 in the iPhone 8 but Apple added True Tone technology, made move back to glass over metal and doubled the storage capacities available. It also added wireless charging capabilities and upgraded the processor to the A11 chip.

Apple iPhone X (2017)

The iPhone X was the 10-year anniversary iPhone, marking the biggest shift in design since the original device from 2007. It launched with an OLED display, minimal bezels and Face ID facial recognition, ditching one of the iPhone's most iconic interactions: the home button.

Apple iPhone XR (2018)

The iPhone XR sits at the bottom of the 2018 iPhone X range, offering an aluminium frame over stainless steel, a single camera over dual and an LCD display over OLED. It brought plenty of power, a large display, great camera and colour though, making it a great buy for most.

Apple iPhone 11 (2019)

The iPhone 11 succeeds the iPhone XR, and while it is identical in size, it adds a secondary camera on the rear, along with a new camera housing that has a frosted finish. There are also some great new colours. The iPhone 11 has new hardware over the XR and some great new camera capabilities thanks to the wide-angle camera.

Apple iPhone 12 (2020)

The Apple iPhone 12 was revealed in September 2020. A smartphone that sports a 6.1-inch Super Retina XDR OLED display, a ceramic material frame, a new A14 Bionic chip as well as upgraded cameras.

The focus of the iPhone 12 is very much on 5G - with each of the models having 5G capabilities but only using that when it's available in order to save battery.

<h1>Credits </h1>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apple-Inc/After-Jobs-Tim-Cook-as-CEO-and-the-first-trillion-dollar-company">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apple-Inc/After-Jobs-Tim-Cook-as-CEO-and-the-first-trillion-dollar-company</a>
<a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.computerworld.com/article/3025619/the-evolution-of-the-macintosh.amp.html">https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.computerworld.com/article/3025619/the-evolution-of-the-macintosh.amp.html</a>
<a href="https://www.cnet.com/pictures/the-complete-history-of-apples-ipod/3/">https://www.cnet.com/pictures/the-complete-history-of-apples-ipod/3/</a>
<a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/appleinsider.com/articles/18/04/03/a-brief-history-of-the-ipad-apples-once-and-future-tablet/amp/">https://www.google.com/amp/s/appleinsider.com/articles/18/04/03/a-brief-history-of-the-ipad-apples-once-and-future-tablet/amp/</a>
<a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/apple/135231-the-apple-iphone-is-10-years-old-look-how-much-the-iphone-has-changed.amphtml">https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/apple/135231-the-apple-iphone-is-10-years-old-look-how-much-the-iphone-has-changed.amphtml</a>

History of Apple — @undefined's mag on Magma

Photography

New Zealand

<h1>Background</h1>
I was always drawn to capturing life, even as a kid of the 80’s playing with my grandfathers Polaroid and cutting videos to VHS. It has remained a lifelong passion and I’m still that child at heart! 
I grew up surrounded by art. My mother was an incredible artist and around age 7 I would go to the art school with her… that is until I admitted to stealing $2 from a tip jar in the art school cafeteria and she made me go back to apologize, I don’t think I ever returned after that! I spent countless hours looking through her ArtNews magazines and peeking at the charcoal nudes she hid under the bed. We spent time at galleries and amongst her artist friends, from painters to potters and I would absorb myself in the stunning old black and white photos from my parents youth. It’s the photography that stuck with me.
I eventually went to art school but maybe it was the trauma of my early art school experience and I only lasted a few years. So began my travel and life adventures that lead me to where I am now some 25 years later. Art requires life experience and they can’t teach that. My career moved through web design, photographic restoration, to film and television and into business and brand management but it’s the photography that stuck.

<h1>My Work</h1>
I merge the timeless and collectible beauty of stills photography with the magic of motion pictures. Captured as pure lens based light and data, in high resolution 12bit cinemaDNG raw. I don’t animate still photos. I craft works of magical realism for digital art displays in a collectors home or commercial space or proudly held in an online wallet. 
Now minted as single or limited edition NFTs on the Blockchain, my work is growing in value not only for their timeless nature but as a future proof format. Motion art photography has an intrinsically collectible value and is being viewed by collectors as a diversified contrast to the 3D and graphical arts that are dominating the digital art market.
At the end of the day I’m obsessed with what I do, it is the culmination of everything I am and I believe intensely in the power of photography to connect us as humans on this strange rock we call home. 
-
View my Magma profile for more links to my work and follow me on Twitter &amp; Instagram. I’m all about building community and supporting other artists.

BIO of Motion Artist @mrjonkane - crafting timeless works of magical realism via lens, light and raw data. — @undefined's mag on Magma

<h1>The creator’s background </h1>
In 2009, Kevin Systrom the founder of Instagram, got a job at Nextstop, a travel recommendation startup. Before His job at Nextstop, Systrom had a job at Google and he interned at odeo. Odeo would later become known as Twitter. Additionally, Systrom graduated from Stanford University. Systrom had no experience in coding. While at Nextstop, he taught himself how to code. After learning how to code, he developed an app called Burbn. The Burbn app allowed its users to share photos and post their plans. At the time this was very unique. This idea would pave the path to something huge.

<h1>Instagram’s rise to popularity </h1>

In March 2010, Systrom attended a launch party for the app Hunch. At the event, Systrom met two people that where willing to invest in his application. He showed the prototype and they where hooked. They gave him 500,000 dollars to invest into his app. This money helped Systrom build a team. The first person to join his team was Mike Kreiger. Once Kreiger joined he helped add key features to the app such as a user being able to share a photo from their phone. After months of hard work, on October 6 2010, Instagram was open to the public. On their first day, the app was downloaded over 25,000 times. At the end of the week, the app was downloaded 100,000. By mid December, the app had been downloaded 1,000,000 times! In 2011, Jack Dorsey, the co founder of Twitter, offered Systrom 500 million dollars for his app, but he declined the offer. In March of 2012, there was 27 million users on Instagram. In April of that year, Instagram was available to Android users. Within a day Instagram was downloaded 1,000,000 times by Android users! In April of 2012, Facebook acquired Instagram for 1 billion dollars! By 2016, Instagram was available on almost any device. 
Fun Fact; Instagram is the 4th most downloaded app of all time.

History of Instagram — @undefined's mag on Magma

<h1>How Martin Luther King Jr. day became a holiday</h1>

Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights activist. He fought for people of color’s rights and woman’s rights. He is also a Nobel Peace prize winner. On April 4, 1968, King was assassinated on his hotel balcony in Memphis. On April 8, 1968, Rep. John Conyers introduced legislation for a federal holiday. Next year, on January 15, 1969, people started having annual celebrations and they tried to gain support for the holiday. Finally in 1979, President Jimmy Carter called on Congress to vote to make Dr. King day a holiday. The bill did not pass. Finally on November 3, 1983, President Ronald Regan signed a bill for Dr. King day to be a holiday. The holiday started in 1986.

Fun Fact: MLK is the only person to have a national holiday that is not a President.

<h1>If you want to know more about MLK day. Check out my previous Mag about MLK. </h1>

The History of MLK Day — @undefined's mag on Magma

Travel

Food

Dining

Beverly Hills

<h1>Ladurée Beverly Hills</h1>
An entirely Plant Based French Restaurant

Last March, we drove up to LA from San Diego to run the LA Marathon. Since we rarely brave the traffic to go to LA I had asked my husband if we could make a trip to Beverly Hills to eat at Ladurée. Why would I want to do that? Well it is or was at the time the only completely plant based Ladurée location in the world &amp; being vegan it isn’t easy to find good vegan French food, especially croissants &amp; macaroons. After finding them on Instagram I had been dreaming of visiting this incredible restaurant.

We drove in to Beverly Hills after picking up our race packets with no reservations &amp; or any idea that we would need one. We were just hungry &amp; really wanted to get some yummy food. 
So on that note, I will say, we were extremely lucky &amp; got the last table as a walk-in. We waited about 15 mins before being seated watching super yummy dishes being brought out to other diners. 
I would recommend heading over to <a href="https://www.opentable.com/r/laduree-beverly-hills/?category=All">open table</a> to get a reservation if you want to eat at the location. Note: at this time I believe it is only outdoor seating but they are also doing carry out &amp; delivery via delivery services in the Beverly Hills/LA area.

The menu while not huge does have a lot of options &amp; we could have tried everything honestly, but it is an upscale restaurant that isn’t inexpensive. This definitely was a splurge meal for us but looking back now, it was an incredible meal to have as our last in restaurant meal. 
From bottom to top:
Ladurée French Toast - I love French Toast and it’s really hard to find vegan French toast so I jumped on this. Ladurée french toast has raspberries, pistachios, rose flavored coconut whipped cream &amp; raspberry sauce. It was incredibly yummy and the rose &amp; coconut in the whipped cream were incredible mild which was a huge plus (neither of those are my preferred flavors). If this version doesn’t float your boat, they do have 2 other versions of French toast as well, classic &amp; chocolate. 
Ladurée Omelet - Vegan eggs have become a lot more popular in the last year but last year they weren’t as easy to come by especially in a restaurant setting. When we were deciding what to get we thought it would be cool to keep on with Ladurée’s signature dishes &amp; picked this omelet. It is gluten free &amp; made with mushroom, tomato confits, tofu ham &amp; cashew gruyère. This was probably the best omelet I have ever eaten vegan or real egg. It literally melted in your mouth &amp; was so flavorful. It doesn’t look like much on the plate but it did not disappoint!
Lastly was the Ladurée Club, we got this thinking that the other 2 entrees probably wouldn’t be super filling &amp; since we were sharing everything it was a hood idea to get a more filling option. The club came with a side salad &amp; fries in addition to a pretty decent sized sandwich. Made with tofu ham, lettuce, tomato, avocado &amp; rice bacon it was super yummy. I was never a fan of ham before going vegan but the tofu ham was really good as was the rice bacon. As a fry addict I can tell you that these were really yummy fries &amp; the salad was nicely &amp; flavorfully dressed. 
Overall we really enjoyed our meal. But it wasn’t over yet!

We had to get dessert! I mean how could you come to a fancy French restaurant &amp; not get dessert lol. 
We chose the Tartelette Passion Framboise with passion fruit cream, fresh raspberry &amp; a sweet dough crust. It was incredible a super yummy flavor, the passion fruit &amp; raspberries were a great combination. 
Looking back I wish we had tried a different pastry for photo sake because we had 2 raspberry dishes but this was incredible!

Last on the list was getting macarons to go!
We got a mix of different flavors, vanilla, chocolate, salted caramel and lemon, to take back to my sister in laws place &amp; then cut them all up to share.

They have a few other flavors, raspberry, rose &amp; hemp but we didn’t get those instead getting a few extra of our fav, passion fruit. 
If you are looking for a great &amp; a little fancier plant based restaurant for your next visit to LA, look no further!

My visit to Ladurée Beverly Hills, a fully plant based French restaurant. — @undefined's mag on Magma

Weddings

2007: We started off as high school sweethearts. We were each other’s first love. 
2009: Graduated from high school together. 
2013: Started collage at The University of Utah together (go utes!)
2017: Moved in together to our first and only apartment in Salk Lake city. 
2019: Graduated from The University of Utah together. 
Bought a house together!!!!!!! 🏡
2020: I said yes! 💍

Our Love Story (8/29/21) — @undefined's mag on Magma

<h1>Ferrari’s early life</h1>
Enzo Ferrari was born in Modena, Italy in 1898. Before Ferrari Manufactured cars he raced cars in the 1920s. He was a driver for Alfa Romeo. Ferrari won many awards as a racer such as the 2nd Circuito di Modena. At the end of the 1920s, in 1929, Ferrari founded Scuderia Ferrari. This is the official race car for Ferrari. However the car started off as separate division at Alfa Romeo. In the 1930s Enzo continued racing. In 1931, Enzo took second place at the Circuito Tre Province. This would be Ferrari’s final race. Ferrari stopped racing due to birth of his son Dino. In 1939, Ferrari left Alfa Romeo and started his own car company. He named it Avio. The iconic Ferrari name would not bare an automobile until 1957. The first car that would bare the name would be the Ferrari 125 S.

<h1>The start of Ferrari’s car company </h1>
Ferrari started building cars in the 1940s. He introduced Ferrari’s iconic V12 engine in 1945. The V12 would be Ferrari most popular engine. In 1947, Ferrari rolled out his first car out of the factory in Maranello. It was the 125 and 125 sport. The car was first raced in May 1947. The race happened at the Grand Prix in Rome. The car one the race. In the 1950s, Ferrari opened its first United States showroom. Ferrari then moved to more and more countries. It was starting to become a success. In 1969, Ferrari founded The Fiat Group. Finally, in 1987, Fiat introduced their first car. On August 14, 1988, Enzo Ferrari sadly passed away. In 1991, Luca di Montezemolo took over as chairman.

In October of 2014 Luca di Montezemolo stepped down as chairman and Sergio Marchionne became Chairman. The new chairman decided to separate Ferrari from the Fiat group. Then, Ferrari N.V. in 2015 became an IPO on the New York stock exchange valued at 10 billion dollars. They later launched in 2016 at the Milan Stock Exchange. 
Fun Facts:
Today 85 percent of Ferrari owners have the color red on their car. 
Ferrari had won over 5,000 prizes in racing.

<h1>The Three most Expensive Ferrari’s sold </h1>

History of Ferrari  — @undefined's mag on Magma

The creator of flaming Hot Cheetos, Richard Montañez, grew up in Guasti, California in the 1960s. Guasti was a small farming town located 40 miles east from Los Angeles. Montañez lived in a small one bedroom home with his parents, grandfather and his 10 siblings. He also had a rough time at school due to him struggling to learn English. After having a rough time at school he decided to drop out and work in the fields. After working the fields a few years, a neighbor told him about job position as a janitor at frito- lay. This job would change his life forever.

After mopping the floor for ten years Montañez wanted to learn the process of sales. He and a salesman went to a mini-mart in a Latino Neighborhood. All the Frito-Lay chips where bland and un flavor full. Next to the their chips was spicy Mexican chips. In the moment he realized that Frito-Lay had nothing spicy or hot with flavor. A few weeks later, Montañez stopped by a local street vendor to get a elote. An elote is a delicious Mexican street corn that has chili pepper on it. As he was enjoying his corn an idea struck him. ‘What if I put chili spice on Cheetos. The next day he took some Cheetos that had not been dusted in cheese yet and he brought them home. He and his wife put chili pepper on it. He called the CEO and told him about his idea. The CEO loved it. He brought the model to the board room. Everyone approved. They produced the new Cheetos and started selling them in East LA. The people loved them and they did great in sales. These chips eventually became frito lays number one chip.

The History of Flamin Hot Cheetos — @undefined's mag on Magma

We kicked off the New Year at our friends NYE party. Little did we know what 2020 had in store for us.

<h1>The start of 2020....</h1>
On January 26th, we went to the Mar Vista Farmers Market. While we were buying some produce and tasting great food from all different vendors, my friend Ariel’s mother called her to inform her about Kobe’s fatal accident. In that moment I almost fell to the floor in disbelief! It was as if gd forbid one of my own family member had passed. Kobe was not just an LA icon, he was Global. 
You will be missed Kobe💜💛 
I will never forget that day...

February was a month of travel for me! A luxury we all were soon going to lose 😭. At the beginning of the month I hopped on a quick flight to San Francisco to visite one of my beat friends. Nothing like spontaneous trips!

Towards the end of February I traveled to Mexico for another one of my best friends bachelor parties. We stayed in an incredible house and had an even more incredible time. Sadly that was the last time we got to act as normal people before the Covid storm destroyed the world 🙄

I was one of the first 50 confirmed Covid-19 cases in California. At that time, people thought I was going to die...Covid had just hit the US, and I had to play patient zero. I honestly can’t believe it’s almost been a year since I got Covid! And here we all are in the same situation.

Yup, this is how we go out now.... It’s like being in a horror film! That was my first outing after contracting Covid.

Since everything was closed, Clara and I would pick up lunch and drive up Mulholland Dr. to a look-out and overlook the entire city. At the time that moment was so exciting seeing that it was the only way of “getting out”!

Since we were quarantined and there was not much to do, I decided to drive up to SF again but this time with my wife. We enjoyed a nice weekend away there, it really felt so great getting out of LA after being trapped indoors for about two months.

As we were leaving SF we decided not to take the 5 freeway but instead take Highway 1 and pass through Big Sur. Although it was an extremely beautiful place, I’m sad that the first time I got to see it was during a pandemic. Look-outs, hikes, restaurants all were closed.

June was off to a good start! I donated my first round of plasma for patients that were struggling with Covid. It felt amazing being able to give back during these times. I truly recommend that anyone with the antibodies go donate their plasma, it could make all the difference for someone who isn’t able to fight off Covid as easily. 
Then this happened👇🏻

In the midst of the pandemic, “Derek Chauvin, one of four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck for a period initially reported to be 8 minutes and 46 seconds.”
This started an uproar on social justice. Very powerful movement but the destruction caused was ￼unnecessary. Seeing the army in Los Angeles was wild.
Kobe’s death, Corona Virus and then this....it just didn’t end! 🤯

July was a great month filled with so many memories! My wife and I had our gender reveal, it’s a boy! My birthday followed a couple days after. And we got to celebrate the Bris of our best friends son!

This past Labor Day was 100°! Usually you can count on the weather at the beach to be 10 to 15° lower than the cities temperature. But not that day! Malibu was 103°! Buts let’s not forget we’re still in a pandemic, so we went to a private beach to set up camp￼￼￼, It was much needed!

November was definitely the best month of 2020. Our baby Asher David was born in and we couldn’t have asked for a greater blessing in such crazy times! 
I knew 2020 had to have some good light in store of us :)

As we come to the end of 2020, we can easily look back and say it was a terrible year. But truly ￼the only thing that could have made this year terrible is if you didn’t figure out ways to better yourself. 
I think everyone needs to ask themselves a simple question “did I make a difference this year? Did I allow myself to change for the better?” I know that this year was tough but I really believe it has given me the chance to self reflect and change for the better. You learn to appreciate ALL the small things in life. 
 I hope that this is the case for everyone! 
Time to take all we got from 2020 and power it through 2021. 
Happy New Years to everyone! Wishing you all a tone of blessings, health, happiness and success!
<h1>Let’s go 2021🥳</h1>

Couple of glimpses throughout 2020.                          Very ready for 2021. Bring it on! — @undefined's mag on Magma

<h1>The Start of Subway</h1>
In 1965, a freshman college student named Fred DeLuca needed money to be able to afford his college classes. He had the idea of opening a submarine sandwich shop to help pay for his college classes. A man named Peter Buck offered to pay a 1000 dollar investment for DeLuca to open his store. On August 28, 1965, DeLuca and buck opened their doors in Bridgeport, Connecticut. There shop was named Pete’s Subway. By 1974, they owned 16 locations. There goal was to own 32 locations. They also began letting people operate their own Subway franchise. This is where their repaid growth began.

<h1>Subway becomes a Fast Food Giant</h1>
By 1982, Subway claimed that they where the largest submarine sandwich chain in the United States. In 1984, Subway started expanding internationally. They opened their first international location in Bahrain. In September of 2015 DeLuca died. Day to Day control of the company was passed on to Suzanne Greco. Subway is still privately held. Currently all the stores are franchises. Subway has an astonishing 40,000 locations world wide!

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